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The ''Chu Shi Biao'' may refer to either of two official memorials submitted by Zhuge Liang, a chancellor-regent of the state of the Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period, to Shu's second emperor, Liu Shan. The first ''Chu Shi Biao'', which is referred to as the "Former ''Chu Shi Biao''", was presented in 227 before Zhuge Liang embarked on the first of the Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state, Cao Wei. The second, known as the "Later ''Chu Shi Biao''", was supposedly submitted in 228 before Zhuge Liang left for the second Northern Expedition. The main topics addressed in the ''Chu Shi Biao''s included the reasons for the Northern Expeditions, as well as Zhuge Liang's personal advice to Liu Shan on how to govern and rule the state. The authenticity of the Later ''Chu Shi Biao'' is disputed and many scholars believe that it was not written by Zhuge Liang. ==Former ''Chu Shi Biao''== The Former ''Chu Shi Biao'' was written in 227 and was recorded in Zhuge Liang's biography in the ''Sanguozhi''.〔(五年，率諸軍北駐漢中，臨發，上疏曰： ...) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 35.〕 At that time, the state of Shu Han was recovering from its previous defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222 and from the Southern Campaign against opposing forces in the south in 225. Zhuge Liang felt that Shu was weak, and had to be aggressive towards its rivals in order for it to survive. He decided to launch a campaign against Shu's rival state Cao Wei in the north. This marked the start of a series of Northern Expeditions. Before leaving, Zhuge Liang wrote the Former ''Chu Shi Biao'' to the Shu emperor Liu Shan to explain the reasons for the Northern Expedition and to give his personal advice to Liu Shan on governance. The Song dynasty poet Su Shi commented in the ''Yue Quan Xiansheng Wenji Xu'' (樂全先生文集敘) that Zhuge Liang's (Former) ''Chu Shi Biao'' was "simple and concise, direct but not unbridled."〔(至《出师表》简而尽，直而不肆，大哉言乎，与《伊训》、《说命》相表里，非秦汉以来以事君为悦者所能至也。) ''Su Shi Collection'' vol. 34. See (here ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chu Shi Biao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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